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Global Attributes:	WOCE_Version: 3.0 CONVENTIONS: COARDS/WOCE DATA_TYPE: TRACK DATA_SUB_TYPE: SADCP INST_TYPE: SADCP DATA_ORIGIN: UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII EXPOCODE: 316N145_6 WOCE_ID: I09N CRUISE_NAME: KN9501 DAC_ID: 00177 FILE_SOURCE: 00177.sub file_date: 12 Apr 2002 TIME_INTERVAL_BETWEEN_DATA: hour TIME_AVERAGING_SCHEME: mean centered on hour DEPTH_INTERVAL_BETWEEN_DATA: 10 meters DEPTH_AVERAGING_SCHEME: mean centered on given depth SHIP_POSITION: average over hour doc_000: The following time, space, and depth ranges for this cruise doc_001: are based on the complete high-resolution data set and does doc_002: not agree exactly with the ranges of this averaged subset. doc_003: #DATA_DATES: 1995/01/24 00:00:00 --- to --- 1995/03/05 04:52:00 doc_004: #LON_RANGE: 79.67 E --- to --- 115.75 E doc_005: #LAT_RANGE: 32.05 S --- to --- 19.76 N doc_006: #DEPTH_RANGE: 21 --- to --- 493 m doc_007: #SAC_CRUISE_ID: 00177 doc_008: #PLATFORM_NAME: R/V Knorr doc_009: #PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR_NAME: E.Firing,P.Hacker doc_010: #PI_INSTITUTION: University of Hawaii doc_011: #PI_COUNTRY: USA doc_012: #PROJECT: WOCE (One-time Line) doc_013: #CRUISE_NAME: ship_tag=KN9501 woce_tag=I09N EXPOCODE=316N145_6 doc_014: #PORTS: Fremantle, Australia to Colombo, Sri Lanka doc_015: #GEOGRAPHIC_REGION: Eastern Indian Ocean doc_016: #PROCESSED_BY: University of Hawaii at Manoa doc_017: #NAVIGATION: GPS (P code) doc_018: #QUALITY_NAV: excellent doc_019: #GENERAL_INFORMATION: doc_020: CRUISE NOTES doc_021: CHIEF SCIENTIST ON SHIP : A.Gordon, D.Olson doc_022: SIGNIFICANT DATA GAPS : none doc_023: SPECIAL SHIP TRACK PATTERNS : I9N doc_024: doc_025: ADCP INSTRUMENTATION doc_026: MANUFACTURER : RDI VM150 narrowband doc_027: HARDWARE MODEL : doc_028: SERIAL NUMBERS : transducer s/n 171 doc_029: FIRMWARE VERSION : version 17.10 doc_030: doc_031: ADCP INSTALLATION doc_032: METHOD/DESCRIPTION OF THE doc_033: ATTACHMENT TO THE HULL : doc_034: There is a hole in the hull plating slightly larger than the transducer doc_035: clover leaf. Unfortunately, the hull is not flat and horizontal at the doc_036: transducer's off-centerline location so the plate is at an angle to the plane doc_037: of the transducer array. The transducers closest to the centerline are doc_038: slightly recessed and the outboard pair are approximately flush. The doc_039: transducer assembly is held in place by bolting its upper flange to the doc_040: underside of a mounting top-hat adapter assembly. Therefore the entire doc_041: assembly is in water and inspection of the electronics requires pulling the doc_042: unit. doc_043: LOCATION/DEPTH ON HULL : doc_044: Transducer is located at frame 39, approximately 6 feet off centerline to doc_045: the port side, at a depth of 14 feet. doc_046: REPEATABLE ATTACHMENT : < YES > Mounting arrangement has doc_047: alignment pins intended to allow repeatable installations but this seems to be doc_048: a continuing problem. doc_049: DATE OF MOST RECENT ATTACH. : doc_050: doc_051: ADCP INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION doc_052: DEPTH RANGE : 25 - 489 m (bin centers) doc_053: BIN LENGTH : 8 m doc_054: NUMBER OF BINS : 60 doc_055: TRANSMIT PULSE LENGTH : 16 m doc_056: BLANKING INTERVAL : 4 m doc_057: ENSEMBLE AVERAGING INTERVAL : 5 min doc_058: SOUND SPEED CALCULATION : FUNCTION OF TEMP AT TRANSDUCER doc_059: BOTTOM TRACKING : yes doc_060: DIRECT COMMANDS : yes doc_061: doc_062: ADCP DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM doc_063: DATA LOGGER : RDI DAS 2.48, GPIB interface doc_064: USER BUFFER VERSION : 1920 doc_065: CLOCK : PC clock reset if drift greater than 2 sec doc_066: from GPS clock doc_067: doc_068: SHIP HEADING doc_069: INSTRUMENT MAKE/MODEL : Sperry MK37 doc_070: SYNCHRO OR STEPPER : synchro doc_071: SYNCHRO RATIO : 1:1 doc_072: COMPENSATION APPLIED : no doc_073: GPS ATTITUDE SYSTEM : YES, Ashtech 3DF, firmware 6H-1.1 doc_074: LOCATION OF ANTENNAS : doc_075: Antennas are aircraft type with 10 dia ground planes, mounted in a rectangular doc_076: array above the aft deck observational tower. All antennas are at the same doc_077: height; approximately 5 feet above the tower top, 52 feet above the baseline. doc_078: One fore/aft pair is spaced at 3 meters, the other pair at 2 meters. There is doc_079: 2 meter spacing between the pairs (p/s separation). The array center is doc_080: approximately 2 feet port of ship centerline, at frame 106. doc_081: doc_082: ANCILLARY MEASUREMENTS doc_083: SURFACE TEMP AND SALINITY : transducer temperature doc_084: PITCH/ROLL MEASUREMENTS : doc_085: HYDRO CAST MEASUREMENTS : yes doc_086: BIOMASS DETERMINATION : no doc_087: DATE OF LAST CALIBRATION : unknown doc_088: doc_089: ADCP DATA PROCESSING/EDITING doc_090: PERSONNEL IN CHARGE : Jules Hummon,Eric Firing doc_091: DATE OF PROCESSING : August 1995 doc_092: ADDED TO NODC DB : April 1997 doc_093: Comments : doc_094: thermistor beginning to go bad: constant sound speed used: 1500m/s doc_095: during aquisition doc_096: speed of sound corrected using CTD values and fix_tmp in the doc_097: /edit directory doc_098: home-brewed matlab file tsfix.m used to create new temperature-salinity doc_099: time-series doc_100: doc_101: some bottom leaving harbor and much more on return doc_102: globs of scattering layer doc_103: some CTD wire interference doc_104: doc_105: NAVIGATION doc_106: GPS MAKE/MODEL : Trimbal Tasman P-Code doc_107: LOCATION OF ANTENNA : Antenna is 89 feet above the waterline on doc_108: the main mast at frame 61, 14 feet doc_109: port of ship's centerline. doc_110: RELATIVE TO TRANSDUCER : transducer was about 40 ft in the doc_111: horizontal from the P-code antenna doc_112: TIME OBTAINED RELATIVE TO doc_113: START/END OF ENSEMBLE : start and end of ensemble doc_114: AVERAGING/EDITING APPLIED : ensemble position is average of end of present doc_115: ensemble and start of following ensemble doc_116: LOGGED WITH ADCP DATA : YES using ub_1920 doc_117: LOGGED INDEPENDENTLY : YES doc_118: doc_119: CALIBRATION doc_120: GYROCOMPASS CORRECTION : YES using Ashtech heading information, doc_121: profile by profile rotation. doc_122: BOTTOM TRACK METHOD : there were 3 good pieces of bottom tracking doc_123: roughly amp = 0.998 and ph = 0.05 doc_124: WATER TRACK METHOD : YES doc_125: These values were calculated after a rotation was applied by newday.prl doc_126: doc_127: R mean ph std ph npts mean amp std doc_128: 5 -0.0338 0.5433 242/246 0.9982 0.0078 doc_129: 7 -0.0136 0.5390 253/257 0.9985 0.0078 doc_130: 9 -0.0095 0.4975 255/257 0.9982 0.0070 doc_131: FINAL SELECTION : AMPLITUDE=1.007 PHASE= 0.05 doc_132: AGREEMENT WITH PREVIOUS doc_133: CRUISES : doc_134: doc_135: NAVIGATION CALCULATION doc_136: NAVIGATION USED : GPS doc_137: REFERENCE LAYER DEPTH RANGE : bins 5 to 20 doc_138: FILTERING METHOD FOR doc_139: SMOOTHING REFERENCE LAYER doc_140: VELOCITY (FORM/WIDTH) : Blackman window function of width T ( .14 hr): doc_141: w(t) = 0.42 - 0.5 * cos(2 * pi t / T) + 0.08 cos(4 * pi * t / T). doc_142: FINALIZED SHIP VEL/POSITIONS doc_143: STORED IN DATABASE : YES doc_144: doc_145: GENERAL_ASSESSMENT : doc_146: VECTOR, CONTOUR, STICK PLOTS: ok doc_147: doc_148: REFERENCES (DATA REPORTS,ETC.) : doc_149: doc_150: WHP Ref. No.: I9N doc_151: Last updated: 28 April 1995 doc_152: doc_153: Cruise Report doc_154: WOCE WHP Indian Ocean I9N doc_155: doc_156: A. Cruise narrative doc_157: doc_158: A.1. Highlights doc_159: a. WOCE designation: I9N doc_160: b. Expedition designation:316N145/6 doc_161: c. Chief scientist: Arnold L. Gordon doc_162: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory doc_163: Palisades, New York 10964-8000 doc_164: Telephone: (914) 365 8325 doc_165: Telefax: (914) 365 8157 doc_166: Internet: agordon@ldeo.columbia.edu doc_167: Co-Chief scientist: Donald B. Olson doc_168: MPO/RSMAS doc_169: University of Miami doc_170: 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway. doc_171: Miami, FL 33149 doc_172: Telephone: (305) 361-4074 doc_173: Telefax: (305) 361-4622 doc_174: Internet: don@loquat.rsmas.miami.edu doc_175: d. Ship: R/V Knorr doc_176: e. Ports of call: Fremantle, Australia to Colombo, Sri Lanka doc_177: f. Cruise dates: January 24 to March 5, 1995 doc_178: doc_179: A.2. Cruise Summary Information doc_180: doc_181: a. Geographic boundaries: doc_182: The RV Knorr commenced cruise 145, leg 6, WOCE WHP Indian Ocean section I9N at doc_183: 1620 local time on 24 January 1995 from Fremantle Australia. The 41 day cruise doc_184: terminated in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 5 March 1995 at 0800 local. Figure 1 (all doc_185: figures, tables not given here, and appendices are available from the WHPO) doc_186: shows the station locations. Figure 2 shows an expanded view of stations within doc_187: the Bay of Bengal. Station positions are tabulated in Appendix A. doc_188: doc_189: b. Stations occupied: doc_190: Figure 3 shows the array of rosette bottle as a function of station number. The doc_191: average station spacing along this section is 30 nm, with a minimum spacing of doc_192: 20 nm from 3�S to 3�N and with a maximum spacing of 36 nm. On average the CTD doc_193: station took an hour per 1400 meters of water column. There was ample time to doc_194: obtain an additional section along the central axis of the Bay of Bengal at a doc_195: station spacing of 46 nm. This section allows for some mapping capability doc_196: within this poorly sampled embayment of the Indian Ocean. The CTD station doc_197: numbering is consecutive with those of the previous (McCartney) cruise, station doc_198: 148 is the first station of I9N. The last station is 277 at 80�E in the same doc_199: position as a planned station on the Lynne Talley I8N cruise, a total of 130 doc_200: stations were obtained on I9N. Stations 148, 149, 150, 152 were repeats of doc_201: stations from the previous Knorr cruise along I8S and I9S. I9N connects with doc_202: I8S (oddly section I9S is along 115�E, a strange mismatch of section doc_203: numbering). The combined I9N and I8S sections provide a view of the entire doc_204: water column from the shores of Antarctica to the northern limit of the Bay of doc_205: Bengal at 100 m depth in the Myanmar EEZ. doc_206: doc_207: I9N suite of measurements included: CTD with 36 bottle rosette, with water doc_208: samples analysed for salinity and oxygen for calibration of the CTD sensors; doc_209: nutrients; CFC; tritium/helium; carbon dioxide parameters; 14C; and hull- doc_210: mounted and lowered- Acoustical Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP); underway doc_211: meteorological and sea surface temperature and salinity were logged. doc_212: doc_213: c. Floats and drifters deployed: doc_214: Lagrangian Instrument Launches doc_215: Donald B. Olson doc_216: doc_217: Contact PIs: doc_218: Floats: doc_219: Russ Davis doc_220: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, doc_221: UCSD doc_222: La Jolla, CA 92093-0220 doc_223: Internet: rdavis@ucsd.edu doc_224: doc_225: Drifters: doc_226: Donald Olson and Peter Niiler doc_227: MPO/RSMAS doc_228: University of Miami doc_229: 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway. doc_230: Miami, FL 33149 doc_231: (305) 361-4074 doc_232: Internet: don@loquat.rsmas.miami.edu doc_233: doc_234: As part of the WOCE velocity program the R/V KNORR launched a series of mid- doc_235: level floats and surface drifters along the I9N cruise track. The positions and doc_236: times at which the drifters were deployed are given in Table 1. Both the floats doc_237: and the drifters are part of a global network of measurements designed to cover doc_238: the ice-free ocean at a density of one unit per 600�x�600 km area. At this doc_239: density the Indian Ocean will have approximately ninety of each type of current- doc_240: following instrument by the end of 1995. The floats and drifters both transmit doc_241: information through the ARGOS system onboard the NOAA-N weather satellites. The doc_242: system positions the instruments and provides a telemetry link for thermal doc_243: data. The floats launched on I9N are Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer doc_244: (ALACE) units (Davis, 1988). These are set to float at a depth between 800 and doc_245: 1000�m. At one month intervals they inflate a bladder in their underside with doc_246: oil and ascend to the surface. Here they drift while they transmit to the doc_247: satellite. The surface period is long enough to allow surface tracking and doc_248: therefore an accurate tracking of the subsurface displacement of the unit. doc_249: ALACE�s launched in the southern subtropical gyre transmit temperature at their doc_250: subsurface operating depth. The ALACEs in the equatorial zone and the monsoon doc_251: forced Bay of Bengal are equipped with a temperature probe on their top that doc_252: provides a vertical profile of temperature from the operation depth to the doc_253: surface. This is also transmitted via ARGOS. The surface drifters are equipped doc_254: to measure sea surface temperature and transmit it on a schedule that can be doc_255: used in weather forecasting. The WOCE Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifters doc_256: are equipped with a holey-sock drogue centered at ten meters depth. An doc_257: immersion sensor provides an indication of the status of the drogue. The design doc_258: of the WOCE/TOGA drifter can be found in Niiler et al. (1990). The ALACE doc_259: instruments are designed for a five year lifetime. Currently the surface doc_260: drifters are approaching lifetimes in operation of two years. doc_261: doc_262: The ALACE deployments took place at the locations shown in Table 2: doc_263: doc_264: d. Moorings deployed or recovered: No moorings were deployed or recovered doc_265: on this cruise. doc_266: doc_267: A.3. List of Principal Investigators doc_268: Principal investigators for all parameters measured on the cruise are listed in doc_269: Table 3. doc_270: doc_271: TABLE 3: Principal investigators for all measurements on I9N doc_272: doc_273: Parameter Principal Investigator Institution doc_274: ADCP E. Firing Univ. of Hawaii doc_275: 13C and 14C, 228Ra, R. Key Princeton doc_276: total carbon and alkalinity doc_277: CTD, salinity, oxygen, nutrients J. Swift SIO doc_278: Chlorofluorocarbons R. Fine RSMAS doc_279: Barium K. Falkner OSU doc_280: Bathymetry doc_281: Thermosalinograph doc_282: ALACE floats R. Davis SIO doc_283: Lagrangian Drifters D. Olson RSMAS doc_284: P. Niiler SIO doc_285: Air chemistry (pCO2) R. Weiss SIO doc_286: Meteorology P. Mele LDEO doc_287: doc_288: A.4. Scientific Programme and Methods doc_289: doc_290: Figure 3 shows full depth, computer contoured sections along 95�E (nominal), doc_291: the primary I9N section, from 31�S to the head of the Bay of Bengal. Salinity doc_292: along I9N is shown in Figure 4 and within the Bay of Bengal in Figure 5. doc_293: Potential temperature section is shown in Figure 6 and across the Bay of Bengal doc_294: in Figure 7. Bottle oxygen values along I9N are displayed in Figure 8 and doc_295: through the Bay of Bengal on Figure 9. Silicate values along I9N are shown in doc_296: Figure 10 and through the Bay of Bengal in Figure 11. Sigma-q plots are shown doc_297: for I9N in Figure 12 and for the Bay of Bengal in Station positions are given doc_298: in Appendix A. doc_299: doc_300: Some thoughts about the CTD data, doc_301: A. L. Gordon doc_302: doc_303: The meridional WOCE lines pass through many different �climate� zones. As soon doc_304: as one gets some understanding of the water mass composition within any one doc_305: regime, the ship passes into the next. I9N transverses four distinct regimes doc_306: within the upper, thermocline layer, beginning with the subtropical gyre of the doc_307: southern Indian Ocean, crossing the trans-Indian Indonesian throughflow plume; doc_308: the equatorial regime; and finally the Bay of Bengal. In most cases the doc_309: intermediate and deep water displayed some changes �in phase� with these upper doc_310: layer regimes. The subtropical gyre of the southern Indian Ocean is similar to doc_311: the other southern hemisphere systems, except for a strong presence of a mid- doc_312: thermocline �stad-like� water mass that has been called subantarctic mode water doc_313: by Mike McCartney in his seminal 1977 paper. Separating this regime from the doc_314: equatorial regime is a band of water near 11�S derived from the Indonesian Seas doc_315: throughflow. This band stretches across the Indian Ocean neatly dividing the doc_316: subtropics from the equatorial waters. Only in the western Indian Ocean is doc_317: there significant meridional exchanges within the upper layers of the ocean to doc_318: breach this zonal barrier. The northern Indian Ocean is subject to strong doc_319: monsoon wind forcing and buoyancy forcing unique to that region. First of all doc_320: the Indian Ocean lacks a northern polar region, where tropical heat can be doc_321: removed and overturning cells established. Instead we see two very different doc_322: subtropical stratification regimes: the Arabian Sea is a desert with strong doc_323: upwelling, the Bay of Bengal is a highly stratified estuary established by doc_324: massive river outflow from Asia. The I9N data sampled only the Bay of Bengal, doc_325: but revealed the interplay of water between these two extremes through the doc_326: zonally constrained equatorial circulation passing south of Sri Lanka. What doc_327: follows is a brief outline of some of the science issues to which the I9N data doc_328: can be applied. The combination of I9N with the rest of the Indian Ocean WHP doc_329: sections can be considered value-added. The combination of the water mass doc_330: thermohaline and tracers fields along with the ADCP data will prove to be a doc_331: powerful tool, though this discussion is based primarily on the CTD data. As a doc_332: guide to the water masses encountered during the cruise the potential doc_333: temperature, salinity, sigma-q, rosette oxygen, silicate full depth sections doc_334: are shown in Figure 3. doc_335: doc_336: 1- Subtropical Convergence (STC): The contrast of water properties across STC, doc_337: falling between stations 161 and 162, at 24.5�S, is evident well below the doc_338: upper thermocline. Even waters of similar T/S characteristics display markedly doc_339: different oxygen and CFC ages as the STC is crossed. doc_340: doc_341: 2- The Pervasive 10�C Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW): The SAMW is a very doc_342: dominant water mass within the subtropical gyre thermocline. It divides the doc_343: South Indian thermocline into a well defined upper and lower parts. The SAMW doc_344: stad is not completely homogeneous, it covers a range of temperature, from 10 doc_345: to 14�C from 200 to 600 meters. It marks the water column oxygen maximum and doc_346: CFC-max. SAMW is a dominant feature to Indonesian plume. While present in the doc_347: plume it is much weakened, becoming stronger north of plume; SAMW traces near doc_348: the 12�C (300 m) layer reach into the Bay of Bengal. The return of SAMW north doc_349: of the Indonesian Plume indicates that it folds around the western end of the doc_350: plume, with the Somali Current, where it mixes with more saline Arabian Sea doc_351: water and then spreads eastward with the South Equatorial Counter Current doc_352: (SECC). doc_353: doc_354: 3- Indonesian Plume: The Indonesian Plume is centered at 10.8� to 12�S. The doc_355: westward flow in which it is embedded may be considered as the South Equatorial doc_356: Current (SEC). The Indonesian water is marked by low salinity and oxygen with doc_357: high silicate, standing out in sharp contrast to the subtropical water to the doc_358: south, and to a lower level of contrast with the thermocline water to the doc_359: north. The plume matching very closely the characteristics of the Timor Sea. doc_360: The Timor water extends from the surface to about 360 meters, the 9 to 10�C doc_361: isotherms form the Indonesian water mass base of the plume, but the dynamical doc_362: influence of the SEC seems to extend to much deeper water. Below the Indonesian doc_363: (Timor Sea) water mass base of the plume there is a trace of the SAMW and the doc_364: lower thermocline water of the South Indian subtropics. A very wide zone rich doc_365: in fine structure exists from 19�S to 11�S, suggesting vigorous stirring of the doc_366: plume water with subtropical gyre water. Just north of the Indonesian Plume doc_367: there is a return to a stronger presence of south Indian thermocline and SAMW. doc_368: Slightly further north (stations 195-198) a mixture of south Indian thermocline doc_369: water and salty Arabian Sea water is encountered. The water characteristics doc_370: north of the Indonesian Plume suggest an advected origin by the Equatorial doc_371: undercurrent and SECC. As with the STC further south, though the water mass doc_372: properties of the plume differ most strongly in the thermocline layer, frontal doc_373: characteristics associated with the Indonesian Plume axis seem to extend into doc_374: the deep water, suggesting that the plume is an effective divider of northern doc_375: Indian and southern Indian Ocean stratification. doc_376: doc_377: 4- Antarctic Intermediate Water & Red Sea Water: The s-min of the AAIW is doc_378: centered at 34.45 and 5�C at the 800 to 900 m depth. North of station 163 AAIW doc_379: begins to mix water properties derived from the Red Sea. The Red Sea influence doc_380: stands out as high salinity, low oxygen (to 34.65; down to nearly 3 ml/l) doc_381: centered at 5�C, 27.4. The s-min of the AAIW remnant shifts to warmer doc_382: temperatures, essentially disappearing by 10�S. Though north of 10�S are a few doc_383: filaments of lower oxygen AAIW, e.g. near 1150 m at 7�S station 192, which may doc_384: represent older AAIW trapped within the equatorial zonal flow. This feature doc_385: seems to separate two s-max cores from the northern Indian Ocean, one at 400 doc_386: meters derived from the Arabian Sea thermocline, and a deeper s-max, near 2000 doc_387: m which must represent the deeper bounds of the Red Sea water mass. doc_388: doc_389: 5- Deep Water: In the southern subtropical Indian Ocean the deep s-max between doc_390: 2500 and 3000 m appears to be circumpolar deep water, though some reduced doc_391: silicate suggests a lingering presence of NADW. Proceeding northward the deep s- doc_392: max core abruptly increases in salinity and shallows near 10�S. The low oxygen doc_393: of this northern s-max core does not support a NADW origin, but rather an doc_394: influx from the Red Sea. From 4�S to 1.5�N the T/S is remarkably linear from doc_395: the thermocline near 20�C to sea floor. Might the northern Indian Ocean be doc_396: essentially a vertical mixed blend of Red Sea and AABW, without much doc_397: circumpolar deep water or NADW input? The oxygen is low throughout this linear doc_398: T/S water column, but between 9� and 15�C (150 to 700m) centered at 11�C (380 doc_399: dbar), there is a weak oxygen maximum, suggesting some lateral influx of what�s doc_400: left of the SAMW. Measurable CFC-11 to the 9�C level, even where the oxygen doc_401: levels are below 1.5 ml/l, indicating rapid oxygen depletion (a condition found doc_402: in the Arabian Sea, Don Olson p.c.). Continuing north, the T/S relationship doc_403: remains fairly linear for temperatures colder than 10�C (400-500 m), for the doc_404: warmer water above 400 m the salinity is reduced, perhaps due to some downward doc_405: mixing of the very low salinity Bay of Bengal surface water. A break in the doc_406: T/Oxy curve occurs near 1.15�C (about 3500 dbar) indicates the presence of more doc_407: oxygenated AABW for the colder temperatures. At this T/Oxy break is also the doc_408: silicate maximum, about 132 �mol/liter, consistent with AABW ventilation of the doc_409: colder layer. AABW traces seem to ride-up to shallower topography of the Bay doc_410: of Bengal. doc_411: doc_412: 6- Bay of Bengal: The stratification within the Bay of Bengal is similar to an doc_413: estuary, with a very stable surface layer due low surface salinity (down to doc_414: about 31). Oxygen values drop to essentially zero within the thermocline, which doc_415: is saltier than the Indonesian Plume, salt that must be derived from the doc_416: Arabian Sea. A weak temperature minimum in the upper 60 to 80 meters suggest doc_417: the presence of shallow overturning, perhaps a product of winter cooling along doc_418: the northern fringes of the Bay. An abrupt front occurs between 224/225 (near doc_419: 5�N) in the upper 200 dbar, very low upper layer salinity to north. Variations doc_420: of the salinity of the upper few hundred meters may be related to various deep doc_421: water gaps in the Andaman Island chain. The benthic layer within the central doc_422: Bay of Bengal (the southbound section) exhibits a remarkable increase in doc_423: silicate as the sea floor is approached, a reversal of the larger scale trend. doc_424: This feature is most evident at station 167-171 of the central section in the doc_425: Bay of Bengal, it is not observed in the eastern section. The lower three doc_426: bottles within 100 m of the sea floor indicate a 10 �mol/liter increase of doc_427: silicate towards the bottom with a 0.15 ml/l decrease in oxygen. A doc_428: counterclockwise bottom flow within the Bay of Bengal is suspected, with inflow doc_429: along the deep water passage between the 90 Degree East Ridge and the Andaman doc_430: Island chain, with outflow to the west. doc_431: doc_432: Foreign Observers: doc_433: doc_434: I9N obtained observations within the EEZ of Myanmar (Burma) and of the Indian doc_435: Islands of Nicobar and Andaman. Myanmar observers accompanied the ship for the doc_436: full cruise. doc_437: doc_438: The following letter was written by A. L. Gordon to the Myanmar Foreign doc_439: Minister: I was the Chief Scientist on the US Research Vessel Knorr cruise doc_440: 145-6, 24 January to 5 March 1995, during which time Section I9N, one of the doc_441: primary meridional WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) oceanographic doc_442: sections was obtained. Section I9N began at 31�S and followed along 95�E doc_443: (slightly west of this meridian north of the Equator) ending on the outer doc_444: continental shelf of Myanmar in 100 meters of water. We greatly appreciate the doc_445: opportunity you have provided to obtain oceanographic data within the EEZ of doc_446: Myanmar. The usefulness of the WOCE data set is greatly enhanced by extending doc_447: the observations to continental boundaries. For your information, I include doc_448: copies of the station map and of the contoured temperature, salinity and varied doc_449: chemical parameters along the section. I provided the two Myanmar observers doc_450: aboard the Knorr, Dr. San Hla Thaw and Lt. Win Thein, with copies of the full doc_451: cruise preliminary data set. As the data is processed, you will be provided doc_452: with final data, though the preliminary data is of high quality. I am happy to doc_453: report that Dr. Thaw and Lt. Thein were very helpful to the expedition and I doc_454: hope that they and ocean science research in Myanmar may benefited from their doc_455: experience. doc_456: doc_457: The Indian Observers joined the ship at station 226 and departed at station 242 doc_458: via a Knorr to Indian Naval ship transfer. Their names: Lt.�Anand Abhyankar and doc_459: Lt. Cdr. Sreekumar. They were given preliminary copies of the data obtained doc_460: during the transit within Indian EEZ and final data will be sent to New Delhi. doc_461: I believe all observers departed the ship with a better understanding of our doc_462: scientific program and methods. doc_463: doc_464: A.5. Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved doc_465: doc_466: Science gear worked fine, specific problems are discussed in the individual doc_467: sections above. The port winch broke, but was repaired at sea. A ship engine doc_468: had major problems, which will require port work. Neither of these problems doc_469: interfered with the data collect, as we temporally switched to the starboard doc_470: winch and the ship did fine on the three remaining engines, though it is doc_471: important that the full 4 engines be available. An annoying problem was that doc_472: the bathymetry had to be manually logged at 5 minute intervals. With all of the doc_473: technology on the ship I�m surprised to see that automation of bathymetry doc_474: logging was not working. doc_475: doc_476: A.6. Other Incidents of Note doc_477: doc_478: None noted. doc_479: . Unlimited_Dimension: time

Variables:	depth: Array of 32 bit Reals [depth = 0..25] depth: long_name: depth units: meters positive: down data_min: 30.0 data_max: 280.0
	time: Array of 32 bit Integers [time = 0..963] time: long_name: time units: minutes since 1980-1-1 0:0:0 data_min: 7922938 data_max: 7980718
	decday: Array of 64 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: Decimal Day units: days relative to 1995-1-1 0:0:0 data_min: 23.04061 data_max: 63.16564
	woce_date: Array of 32 bit Integers [time = 0..963] time: long_name: WOCE date units: yyyymmdd UTC data_min: 19950124 data_max: 19950305
	woce_time: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: WOCE time of day units: hhmmss.dd UTC data_min: 57.02 data_max: 235849.16
	longitude: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: longitude units: degrees_E data_min: 79.6703 data_max: 115.7474 valid_min: -180.0 valid_max: 180.0 instrument: nominally GPS _FillValue: 99999.0 C_format: %9.4f F_format: f9.4
	latitude: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: latitude units: degrees_N data_min: -32.0472 data_max: 19.7269 valid_min: -90.0 valid_max: 90.0 instrument: nominally GPS _FillValue: 99999.0 C_format: %8.4f F_format: f8.4
	trans_temp: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: ADCP transducer temperature units: degrees C data_min: 20.1 data_max: 30.5 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: nominally thermistor valid_min: 0.0 valid_max: 40.0 C_format: %4.1f F_format: f4.1
	sd_trans_temp: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: transducer temperature (standard deviation) units: degrees C data_min: 0.0 data_max: 0.34 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: nominally thermistor valid_min: 0.0 valid_max: 40.0 C_format: %5.2f F_format: f5.2
	ship_u: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: eastward ship speed (hourly mean) units: meters per second data_min: -7.2 data_max: 6.9 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: optimized position based on ADCP and GPS valid_min: -15.0 valid_max: 15.0 C_format: %5.1f F_format: f5.1
	sd_ship_u: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: eastward ship speed (standard deviation) units: meters per second data_min: 0.0 data_max: 2.76 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: optimized position based on ADCP and GPS valid_min: 0.0 valid_max: 15.0 C_format: %5.2f F_format: f5.2
	ship_v: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: northward ship speed (hourly mean) units: meters per second data_min: -6.2 data_max: 6.7 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: optimized position based on ADCP and GPS valid_min: -15.0 valid_max: 15.0 C_format: %5.1f F_format: f5.1
	sd_ship_v: Array of 32 bit Reals [time = 0..963] time: long_name: northward ship speed (standard deviation) units: meters per second data_min: 0.0 data_max: 0.0 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: optimized position based on ADCP and GPS valid_min: 0.0 valid_max: 15.0 C_format: %5.2f F_format: f5.2
	u: Grid time: depth: long_name: eastward absolute current velocity (hourly mean) units: meters per second data_min: -0.797 data_max: 0.855 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: ADCP/GPS valid_min: -9.9 valid_max: 9.9 C_format: %6.3f F_format: f6.3
	v: Grid time: depth: long_name: northward absolute current velocity (hourly mean) units: meters per second data_min: -0.782 data_max: 0.75 _FillValue: 99999.0 instrument: ADCP/GPS valid_min: -9.9 valid_max: 9.9 C_format: %6.3f F_format: f6.3

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DDS:

Dataset {
    Float32 depth[depth = 26];
    Int32 time[time = 964];
    Float64 decday[time = 964];
    Int32 woce_date[time = 964];
    Float32 woce_time[time = 964];
    Float32 longitude[time = 964];
    Float32 latitude[time = 964];
    Float32 trans_temp[time = 964];
    Float32 sd_trans_temp[time = 964];
    Float32 ship_u[time = 964];
    Float32 sd_ship_u[time = 964];
    Float32 ship_v[time = 964];
    Float32 sd_ship_v[time = 964];
    Grid {
     ARRAY:
        Float32 u[time = 964][depth = 26];
     MAPS:
        Int32 time[time = 964];
        Float32 depth[depth = 26];
    } u;
    Grid {
     ARRAY:
        Float32 v[time = 964][depth = 26];
     MAPS:
        Int32 time[time = 964];
        Float32 depth[depth = 26];
    } v;
} woce/ship_adcp/sadcp/database/00177/00177v3.nc;

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